11th and 12th section review free essay sample

1.What was America’s first major industry? In what region of the nation did it center? Lowell, Massachusetts(Northeast). Textiles became America’s first major industry. 2.Name three of this era’s important inventors and their respective inventions. John Deere perfected the plow. Cyrus McCormick, in 1834, received a patent for a reaping machine, a horse-drawn device that allowed one man to cut and stack ten to twelve acres of grain in a single day. Samuel Colt made his mark on the firearms industry. He patented and manufactured a â€Å"six-shooter,† a pistol with a revolving cylinder which allowed a user to fire six times before reloading. 3.Why was the discovery of anthracite coal in western Pennsylvania important? American farm production grew at a tremendous rate. In 1789, farmers had generally eked out only enough to feed their own families. But by 1861, the United States was producing nearly $2 billion worth of agricultural products each year. We will write a custom essay sample on 11th and 12th section review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 4.How did the invention of the cotton gin increase the differences between the South and the rest of the nation? The growth of the cotton kingdom, however, widened the gap between the South on the one hand and the North and the West on the other. Cotton growing, for one thing, revitalized slavery. In 1790, slavery had seemed an increasingly unprofitable and dying institution. With the advent of the cotton gin, however, many planters thought that slavery was necessary again. 1. Name two methods of surfacing roads in the nineteenth century. Corduroy roads and toll roads 2.What event marked the beginning of the canal era? The canal era began in 1817, when New York, at the urging of Governor DeWitt Clinton, began building a canal from Albany to Lake Erie. 3.What was America’s most important method of transportation by 1861? The clipper ship 4.What was the first economically successful railroad in America? Who designed its first steam engine? Baltimore Ohio (B O) Railroad and Peter Cooper 5.What system of carrying mail across the continent began in 1860? What invention put it out of business? Semaphore and Telegraph 1. What was the most controversial reform movement of the first half of the nineteenth century? Who was its most important leader? Without doubt the most controversial reform movement in the first half of the nineteenth  century was abolitionism, the movement to eliminate slavery and William Lloyd Garrison. 2. What were the two important trends in American education in the early 1800s? Two important trends developed in the reform of American education during this period: the growth of both public education and teacher education. Most schooling since colonial days had been a private affair. 3. What is the difference between temperance and Prohibition? Reformers eventually replaced their call for temperance, or moderate drinking, with a call for the outright prohibition, or banning, of the sale and consumption of alcohol. 4. How did utopian reformers differ from other reformers? Most reformers focused on a single major problem in society, such as prison reform or alcohol, and aimed at eliminating the problem throughout society. Utopian reformers, on the other hand, sought to establish small, perfect communities that would serve as models for the reform of society at large. (A utopia is an ideally perfect place. 5. Which authors defended romanticism’s idea that man is basically good? Which authors denied this idea? 6. How did the journalistic approach of the New York Sun differ from that of the New York Tribune? He Sun contained sensational accounts of murders, scandals, and other lurid events to appeal to the baser tastes of readers. The Tribune, edited by Horace Greeley, supported reform efforts and attempted to educate and uplift its readers. The two approaches proved equally successful, and both the Sun and the Tribune attracted readers even outside of New York. 1. Why did western Pennsylvania become an early center of American heavy industry? Guns and patents 2.How did reform movements affect the American public during the first half of the nineteenth century? More religion groups 3.During the Second Great Awakening, which were more emotional, the revivals in the East or the revivals in the West? In which region did the revivals center in the schools and churches? East and Northeast

Demonstrate how care is delivered to a specific individual in an acute in-patient setting The WritePass Journal

Demonstrate how care is delivered to a specific individual in an acute in-patient setting Introduction: Demonstrate how care is delivered to a specific individual in an acute in-patient setting Introduction:Ann’s psycho-biographyMain bodySocial factorBehavioural assessmentPhysiological assessmentBiological assessmentRisk AssessmentRelated Introduction: This piece of work will demonstrate how care is delivered to a specific individual in an acute in-patient setting. This involves a holistic assessment of an individual’ needs which will then be met by various professionals who meet those needs. To this end, my objective in the clinical placement is utilising a care study in order to show how therapeutic interventions were planned based on a holistic assessment. The pseudonym of ‘Ann’, ‘patient’ or ‘individual’ will be used during this care study to protect individuals’ identity. I will not divulge any personal information related to his identity according to NMC Code of Professional Conduct (pp.2 2008) which clearly defined assurances of anonymity and confidentiality. Furthermore, this work will explain how theoretical knowledge, local policies influences care delivery in practice, particularly when caring for Ann. Assessment is an ongoing process adapted to identify Ann’s needs and problems. It is the first stage of nursing process which is useful for my involvement and participation during the assessment of the Patient. The nursing process will present discussion on the assessment of tools used in partnership with a nurse, the patient and the multidisciplinary team. Implement the care plan, care co–ordination and review are the cornerstones of the Care Programme Approach (CPA). Adopting different approaches, this paper brings to light previously unexplored insights into the way nurses and others practitioners interact with Ann’s mental health problems. Drawing on Ann’s social interaction, this paper considers her bipolar disorder and associated problems. Other Information will be obtain in direct manner (observation, interviews) and throughout interpersonal care with a combination of therapeutic method focusing on Ann’s person-centred approach. Specifically, the paper focuses on aspects of role performance during Ann’s assessment and her contribution into the care plan. Information collected by many members of the healthcare team, such as her biography, therapeutic interventions and consultations. Ann’s psycho-biography Ann is a 79 year old white English lady who was born in Hackney. She came informally admit on this acute elderly admission ward to focus on her functional illness. Due to Ann’s confused presentation, a collateral history of her biography was from her son, who accompanied her to the hospital. He reported that his mother has never had any mental problems and that was her first contact with a mental health services. Tony’s stated her mum spoke fondly of her youth: â€Å"Mum never met her father but her mother describes her dad as a compulsive gambler with a terrible temper, alternating with expansive grandiosity†. Since Ann’s father died before she was born and her mother worked irregular hours as a Nurse. When her mother remarried Ann spent much of her childhood and adolescence with various father and went to many school. When Ann met her husband she was engaged in a comfortable and constructive relationship; she gained benefit from sharing goals with at least one person she trusted. She gave birth to Tony (who is now 49 years old). But her life became tragic when Ann (33 years old) lost her husband on in a car accident; Tony was only 3 years old. And this experience of her life left her to face the world with constant struggle and some financial difficulty. Ann never remarried, she also raised her son and she was working in accountancy for a business company in London. With regard to her social need and goal, Ann lives in a two bed room privately owned bungalow and they are no other family members or relatives. Her son stated that his mother was functioning well and was attending an elderly club, which she enjoyed. Tony was unable to identify any triggering factors or recent stressors that could explain his mum’s sudden illness. He became the main carer her mother who frequently finds it impossible to manage on his own. Tony felt unable to cope with his mother’s illness, stating that her sleep was disturbed. Her emotions were fluctuating and that she was becoming verbally aggressive, so he had taken her to the Accident and Emergency department. During a private life examination, Ann’s behaviour made her predisposed to sever depression. Ann was subsequently referred to psychiatric specialists on presentation of the following symptoms: elevated and irritable mood with feelings of decreased self-esteem. The primary care physicianà ¢â‚¬â„¢s diagnoses Ann with manic depression,  another name for bi-polar mood disorder.    Schultz, Videbeck (2009) defined this illness as â€Å"abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood† And Ann alternates between two states: a manic or high and a depressive or low. Information on Ann’s psychological historical analysis provided by her GP claimed that Tony’s statement is accurate. Ann’s has no previous mental illness. Main body Ann was encouraged to live her family and home for a long-stay inpatient admission of 4 months. The ‘echoes of hope’ come from a collection of perceptions (Basset and Stickley 2010).   Attempts have been designed to integrate method of systematic intervention during the nursing process (problem-solving). Leading to implement and evaluated Ann’s plan of care. The Health and Social Care Act (2008) place the needs, wishes and decisions of the person at the centre of assessment, planning and delivery of care. Under supervision of the nurse, I was reviewing Ann’s chart, hearing the report on her, and discussing with the others practitioners before meeting her. I truly believe that Normal and Ryrie (2009) definition of ‘relationship forming skills’ attract Ann’s motivation to engage in psychological treatment, including a therapeutic relationship. Everyone faces serious challenges, at some stage point in their lives. Nobody has ever cried with Ann before. Ann’s journey to recovery is determined by the recovery model as a new way to explore her bio-psychosocial needs (Barker, Buchanan 2009). The process of applying these fluid’s skills is carried out under an umbrella of assessment (REF James, pp37). An effective and valid assessment method was to monitor Ann through a detailed assessment to elucidate factors triggered her illness in the first place. Normal and Ryrie (pp130 2009) imposed initiating and promoting effective interpersonal communication involve nurses to employ cultural competencies and evidence-based clinical practice. The method of Ann’s informal assessment covered information collected data from objective (measurable and observable) and subjective (not measurable or observable) should be obtain from the patient’s behaviour.   Her assessment covers all aspects of interrelationships between the social, behavioural, physiological, biological factors of Ann’s health. So the nurse and I focus on the individual’s thoughts, feelings and behaviour assumed to be Ann’s responses to her actual mental health problem. (Barker, pp.7:8 2009). The need of honesty for mental health nurses is crucial. The legal and ethical contexts operate patient’s autonomy and freedom. Nurses maybe engaged to decisions-making achieved a fair balance between protecting, controlling and treat a person with mental disorder (Department of Health, 2008). A holistic approach (means treating the whole aspect of care of a person). These present unique challenges for Ann’s diagnoses with bi-polar disorder (long-term illness). Her emotional problems may be vague, not visible like many physiological disruptions (Laidlaw et al.pp44 2003) Stages of treatment for Ann’s co-existing problems require drawing together a ‘stepped care’ approach on Ann’s mental health assessment (Baker, 2010). Ministry of Health (2010) highlights that individuals with co-existing problems have the right to high-quality, patient-focused and Integrated Solutions of care provides practical suggestions. The care programme approach (CPA) is the statutory framework within which bio-psychosocial needs assessment is carried out. ‘CPA’ was introduced in England for people with a mental illness, published by the Department of Health in 1990 and effective from 1991. This framework will be used throughout Ann’s stay to provide a smooth transition between in-patient services and discharge back to the community (Hall et al., 2008). Ann was invited to sit in a waiting room with Tony before attending the CPA meeting. Assessment tool â€Å"Your Treatment and Care† questionnaire was provided for her/son to complete and sign (APPENDIX). Than Ann was escorted into a private interviewing room where her CPA take place for the maintenance of her confidentiality, dignity and privacy. The powerful way to support change is to get people working together with Ann to make things happen. Valuing forms of therapeutic relationship between Ann and others mental health practitioners (constitute of a consultant, a psycho-geriatrician a physiotherapist and occupational therapist (O.T.) a dietician and a community psychiatric nurse).   The continuous process of change seeks a new multi-dimensional approach (team work in practice). Consequently, to empower Ann to lead her own recovery rather than being directed by professionals. Incorporating the recovery approach into the aspect of Ann’s intimate care. Encompassing and promoting social inclusion foster a positive vision for the future (Repper and Perkins pp.77 2010). Technique of therapeutic communication described by Piaget (Ref.) developed an approach â€Å"intellectual† of the interview. Under the Nurse’s supervision, I wanted some space; my key role is to encourage Ann to tell her story.   I began to empathy (one’s ability to enter in Ann’s world and to reflect this understanding to her as the person).   So reviewing her record before beginning the assessment prevents repeating questions that she has already been asked; Ann’s journey beyond silence began with ideas infused: Ann feels severely anxious (emotional state)   every time she is about to go out or when she is out (occurrence) from fear of being going on her own at her local community she felt like stupid and people looking and laughing at her (cognitive experience). In response she is avoiding going out and will also stop going outside in her own garden (responses). Tim (her son) works far from home and she is rarely seeing him. Other people’s presence outside or in her local community could have been issued as a major problem. This make Ann feeling upset, miserable  and isolated (response is unhelpful long term). At this point, Ann is a victim and not totally in controls of her life and feels the panic resulting from this realization -a very little confidence in her- (impact on self).   Her life has been restricted as a victim, she may flail about emotionally, verbally, or even physically as she experience this lack of control (impact on life). Rosenbluh (1981) point out to employ active element which reflect the understanding of Ann in a manner that generates warm, trust, and willingness to be open. The key to effective listening is accurately hearing the feeling and meaning the content of communication. Repeating key words or phrases that Ann used and I did not clearly understand. I focused attention on  a particular thought or feeling and encourages Ann to ventilate her feelings in ways that are non destructive and acceptable to her. My body language provides cues to conversation: I did not cross arms or point fingers. I was using unfinished statements (paraphrasing). There are possibilities of compulsory for Ann’s treatment, the elimination of her level of mental illness. In collaboration with Ann and the multi-disciplinary team identify priorities and develop appropriate plan of care. I started speaking in as structured, carefully chosen way (using non-confrontational approach). I made a psychosocial approach through her own conscious â€Å"social† conversations for the development of her personality. â€Å"Is anything happening at the moment that upsets you?† Ann’s statement â€Å"It was very noisy, I couldn’t sleep well†. Response -â€Å"You didn’t get a good night’s sleep. I tell Ann what she heard; it helps me to make sure it was what she meant. Ann says- â€Å"I’m worthless and isolated†, response- â€Å"You say that like you’re angry, isolated.† Ann states â€Å"I am usually treated by Robinson. He has been visited me several time and prescribed medications to cure my pain. He knows exactly what I want!† Doctor carried the interview to elicit information â€Å"Ann we have done some research and we have no heard from any Dr Robinson practicing in this hospital†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Social factor The study begins from observing Ann’s behaviour and interaction with her son and others team members. A collaborative approach must be central to all decisions making. My role during Ann’s evaluation was accepting the challenge that the nurse has to value the effectiveness of intervention. Attaining the best possible level of health to form partnership of care between Ann (who receive services) and with the nurse and I (to provide services) and to combat discrimination and stigma (Newell Gournay, 2009).   It was clear that I also have Ann’s consent for participation of the assessment of her needs. Consent form formalized by The Mental Capacity Act (2005) will assess whether the patient is mentally capable of making the decision, and the Mental Health Acts (1983 and amended in 2007) describe the very limited circumstances when a patient can be forced to be hospitalized for assessment and/or treatment against their wishes. Behavioural assessment Enhancing the engagement process (which more specific care is offered). A psychological treatment approach -as an umbrella term- it directly obtained through interviews, examination of Ann’s behaviour and her interactions with staffs, family and relatives (Brooking et al., pp.167 2000). Ann was presented with mood variation hence unpredictable. She was deeply sad and discouraged and likely to lose weight energy and have suicidal thoughts and feelings of self-reproach. Nurses must handle Ann’s feeling (as a victim). Rosenblush (years) closely described facts pertinent to her problem needed an ‘emotional first aid’ treatment. Many people who suffer like Ann from anxiety disorder feel ‘on edge, excitable or restless’. This indicates that one’s physical health can influence after the emotional behavioural, psychological responses of individual (FRUDE pp. 35 Years). Before, Ann was non concordant with her medication and a mood stabilizer should be given when she is agitated. Many of these treatments caused controversy and arguments around the proposed therapeutic rationale of these drugs effectiveness (Healy, 2009). Physiological assessment The nurse and I used the following information Ann’s level of functioning -the biochemical level- to promote Ann’s independence and sense of self irrespective to her illness (Barker, pp.10 2009). On Ann’s profile, her primary problem of manic depression is causing her disturbed sleep, as she always known it -subjective-self information- (Norman and Ryrie, pp.217 2009). Ann has a poor nutritional intake stated not eating well. A cognitive-behavioural approach is a short-term applied to focus on her eating disorders which affect a chain of thinking, feeling and actions (Baker, pp.281 2009). Ann also has phlebitis -inflammation of a vein, usually in a lower limb- (Tortora, pp.666 2009) (physical examination appendix.3). Her Mobility was assessed by the Physiotherapist for risks of falling. Biological assessment Ann was screened for potential biological causes of infection (objective-self data). Following the Doctor review, a urine sample was taken explaining sudden confusion, a full blood test and a Computed Tomography done prior to admission. Ann was hypertensive (high blood pressure). Johnstone, (2006) dominant psychiatric theory and practice in mental distress is best understood as medical illness upon a biomedical model. The doctor assessment included neurological assessment (appendix.5) on a MSE (Mental state examination score 22 out of 30). Newell, Gournay (2009) explain recent research on serious mood disorders demonstrated abnormalities of the neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Some areas of the brain are smaller in people with mood disorders. Risk Assessment Ann risk factors were associated with her mental illness that decreases her functionality and quality of life has making her self-neglected (lack of personal hygiene). In addition, a moving and handling risk assessment and infection risk screams to detect risk of deterioration in both her mental and physical state, and prior nutritional intake and sleep disturbances. Ann was allocated a named-nurse responsible for coordinating her care and implementing the CPA process. As soon as Ann’s problems are identified, nursing care begins by determining priorities, setting goals. The dynamic care plan (as legal documents, a copy of the care plan should be kept by Ann, the nurse or multidisciplinary notes) was also implemented. The evidence-based practice and intervention are now framed within a recovery-oriented approach. I contributed to a tool of recovery action plans of wellness to promote self-discovery (Hall et al. pp.146 2008). Ann’s short-term goal requires a home visit planned (within four days) for her functional assessment to discharge planning. Organization of Ann’s home based on Roper’s Activity of Daily Living (Appendix) On the journey to her home Ann was able to identify local landmarks and roads. Ann was orientated to her bungalow, she manoeuvre safely around the property. She demonstrated good bed mobility she was independently able to complete bed transfer. However risk of falling in the shower room. Ann was referring to social worker for care package. Emergency access will be arranged to allow carers to visit her (soon being discharged); assisting her personal care, medication administration and meal preparation. Refer to day centre to maintain social skills and engage in leisure activities. Ann started going out with previous relatives at the local community just for the day. Conclusion My involvement and participation during Ann’s assessment presented discussion likely to favour more informal methods when studying Ann psychosocial needs.   Ann’s progress was record to demonstrate her journey within this acute unit. CPA forms reset out as care plans for Ann’s mental health problems and complex needs. The relationship between care plans and quality of care could be challenged on the basis that time spent writing the care plan can take away time spent with Ann.   Care plans are often done for the patient rather than with the patient. The concept of recovery in mental health is often influenced more by specific human values and beliefs, than scientific research and evidence. After her interview, when I asked her how the interview had been for her, she told me that she had expected to be crucified and had been pleasantly surprised to find that I wasn’t. I could not judge use logic or give advice as Ann’s feelings must be legitimize. If someone says something that is manifestly untrue then the person should be encouraged to see the error of their ways. But if this were true what would be the point of challenging delusions.

Principal and Vice Principals Leadership Styles Research Paper

Principal and Vice Principals Leadership Styles - Research Paper Example Educational management can be described through the management and leadership theories. Bush (2003) identified various models that describe the two main theories. The management theory can be classified into six models that include; formal, collegial, political, subjective, uncertainty, and cultural models. The six models that describe leadership theories in education management include; the moral model, contingency leadership, transactional and managerial leadership, the post-modern as well as participative leadership styles. The formal models describe a hierarchical arrangement in the management structure. In this model, the school heads treat the institution as a system where bureaucracy is maintained (Bush, 2002). There is a system of instruction which is usually top-down while reporting must follow the various ranks to the top. This model is evident in Matador High School. The principal is the overall head and the vice principal reports to him. The vice principal acts as a middl e-level manager in contemporary organizations, supervising the teaching staff, but he too has some lessons that he teaches. All teachers are accountable to the principle and have performance targets that are set for the accomplishment of the overall goal of the school. The formal management structure is matched with the managerial leadership of the principal. This is a leadership style where managers are focused on their purpose in helping the organization to accomplish their objectives. They ensure that all processes are accomplished according to plan and that every person is in the designated place at the right time (Cheng, 2002). Leadership in Matador was top down with the teachers being expected to behave and accomplish tasks according to the laid out procedures in the school.  Ã‚  

Asian Indians Community of US Personal Statement

Asian Indians Community of US - Personal Statement Example Then, there are other Hindu important festivals Holi, Durga Pooja, Ganesh Chathuri which I celebrate with the rest of Hindu community while Christmas, Id, Easter, Hanukkah etc with the global community that resides in United States. But it is difficult at times, when we face discrimination at work place or called with funny names for our complexion, accent etc. However, these discriminatory acts were rare before 9/11 and even after the terrorist attacks on Twin Towers; we haven't been victim of any serious racism or prejudice compared to what our fore parents encountered when they moved first to the United States in early 1900s. The history of my community, Asian Indians, goes back to early 20th century when the first group of Indians from the province of Punjab arrived in America and worked as millers and farmers in California and Washington. They were mainly "Sikhs"-followers of Sikhism, a religion originated by Guru Nanak. They faced much difficulties and racist attacks because of their illiteracy and poor English-speaking skills. Associations such as Asiatic Exclusion League made serious efforts to prevent further immigration and property ownership of Indians.( Vinay Lal, 1999) The Sikhs were followed by large number of Indian students who demanded Indian independence overtly. They even formed their own political party to promote and forward their political ideas and demand for Independence. However, America who was strong and old ally of British, saw it as conspiracy of the Germany to overrule the British power in India-a colony within the British Empire. Thus organized attacks were made on these Indian students and successful prosecution of Indians took place. To add to the woes of Indian community, in 1923 the Supreme Court of United States ruled that Indians were ineligible for citizenship of the United States and that citizenship was only reserved for "whites" with European origins. They were also subjected to the Alien Land Law which prevented them from owning and leasing land and forced them to transfer their lands to the white Americans. As a result, the number of Indians sharply dropped from 10,000 in 1914 to 1,476 in 1940 in California alone.(Vinay Lal, 1999) But different Indian organization in America continued to fight for their rights to immigration and naturalization. By 1946, President Truman returned the right to immigrate and naturalize through Luce-Celler Act 1946. ("Indian American") After that, Indians actively participated in politics fighting for the end of British power in India. The most prominent among these politicians was Dalip Singh Saund who was also elected for US House of Representatives from California in 1956 and was also reelected for a 2nd and 3rd term. ("Indian American") Soon the number of Asian Indians grew well above 175000 (1975) and they demanded for minority status within American population. The Census Bureau declared them as a new category of minority group known as "Asian Indians". However, the conditions and performance of the existing Indian community wasn't impressive, to say the least. Unemployment and poverty was prevalent with most Indian employed for odd jobs as taxi drivers, gas-stations workers

Usa And Mexico Immigration Issues Essay Example for Free

Usa And Mexico Immigration Issues Essay Why people from other nations wants to immigrate to U. S. Perhaps, there are great potentials to earn good money through employment, can lead good standard of living, having the pride to be the citizen of the World’s richest country and many more advantages like free medical coverage and financial aid to poor, and to have great business potentialities. This research essay analyses issues relating to immigrant in U. S. A , its impact , nature of issues involving the immigrant, its effect on American economy and probable solutions to issue. [Peter Katel 393-420]. America can be called as land of immigration and even today, over 43 million American still claim German ancestry and 34 million claim Irish roots. America’s first wave of immigration was principally drawn from western and northern Europe –Teutonic and Celtic in origin. However, starting in the 1870’s, a substantial portion of Jewish, Latin, and Slavic peoples migrated to American shores and this group accounted for about 70% of the immigrant population in U. S. A. [Msaci 921-944]. After the 9/11 attack, US immigration policy has been tightened. In US, immigration policy has always been a contentious subject. [David Merchant 287]. It is estimated that more than 10 million illegal immigrants reside in the United States and about 1500 illegal immigrants mainly from Mexico are illegally entering into the US on daily basis. [Peter Katel 393]. According to U. S –Mexico Studies center at the University of Texas at Dallas, it would be very difficult to perform many jobs in USA if undocumented peoples from Mexico are not there. . [Peter Katel 393-420]. This research essay mainly researches into the issue of immigration. Between the USA and the Mexico and what are the similarities and the differences between them in detail. 2. ANALYSIS: According to U. S-Mexico relations center at the University of California, the U. S economy would not come to a halt without illegal immigrants but at the same time, they are significant to some specific industries. [Peter Katel 393-420]. In the year 1940s, United States loosened up its immigration policies mainly for political and economic reasons. In the year 1942 , mainly to relax shortage of wartime labor shortages and to partly to authorize and control the flow of Mexican agricultural employees into the USA and initiated the guest worker program namely ‘Bracero† which implies ‘workers’ in Spanish as it permitted employees from the Caribbean and the Mexico mainly to pick crops in Western states of USA. [Peter Katel 393-420]. In 1952, US enacted a law which contained a gaping loophole –the Texas Proviso- a transparent concession to safeguard agricultural interests of Texas that depended on cheap labour flow from Mexico. [Peter Katel 393-420]. In 1986, due to heightening of economic crisis in Mexico, about 1. 7 millions crossed the Mexican border and landed in the US. It is to observed that illegal immigration from Mexico could not be stopped even after 9/11 attack and it is estimated that about 58% of illegal immigrants in USA are emerging from Mexico. [Peter Katel 393-420]. Further , the provision in the immigration law of US as regards to the family-reunification has made the Mexico as the leading country as about 116,000 of the total 706,000 legal immigrants in the fiscal year 2002-2003 accounted from Mexico alone. [Peter Katel 393-420]. Further, North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA] did not generate sufficient jobs in Mexico to keep away Mexicans from migrating to USA. Further, the Immigration Enforcement Improvement Act of 1996 did not reduce the flow of illegal immigrants into the USA. If political unrest in Mexico continues then it would spiral the illegal immigration into USA both under economic and political causes. [Peter Katel 393-420]. To curb the illegal immigration from Mexico, some critics have suggested for the introduction of Real ID Act, which would institute national driver’s licence criterions and to complete the fencing of U. S – Mexican border near San Diego at faster speed. [Peter Katel 393-420]. Critics vehemently argue that illegal immigrants from Mexico have stolen the American’s jobs considerably , chance of inflicting non-English speaking menace to American culture , ruining the robust American economy and causing overall threat to national security . Some critics have opined that by allowing illegal immigrants in American soil , poverty is being imported by millions on every year basis. [Peter Katel 393-420]. However, the Mexican illegal immigrants in the USA are being considered as heroes in their homeland as they braved death in desert while crossing the border and undertook dangerous jobs in service and construction industry to support their families at home. It is estimated that more than 3,000 Mexicans have lost their life between 1996 and 2004 while crossing the US-Mexican border . However, those who successfully crossed the border and find employment in the US were mobilized about $16 billion during 2006 alone to their motherland which formed the third largest source of revenue in the Mexican budget. [Peter Katel 393-420]. In 2004 alone, it was estimated that about 4,500 illegal immigrants from Mexico were mistreated or injured by anti-immigrants activists or by Border Patrol agents of USA. Anti-immigrants activists are of the view that illegal immigrants are draining the coffers by way of education, health care and social services and also responsible for gang-oriented crime. [Peter Katel 393-420]. The Bush’s new immigration bill stipulates that the employer should insist from the employee before offering employment for his US passport or secure Social Security card or driver’s license. [Peter Katel 393-420]. As a measure to legalize the illegal immigrants living in USA, the proposed bill suggests that such aspirants have to demonstrate that they are living in US since earlier 1st January, 2007 onwards and these people are entitled to claim a special probationary status right away. This process permits them to stay and work in the USA legally. [Peter Katel 393-420]. Further , Bush new immigration policy also have allocated more than 380,000 ‘green cards’ with permanent legal resident status mainly to attract skilled , highly talented who are needed in US job market each year. Further, these green cards are awarded on a point system where preference for siblings and adult children would be abolished. [Peter Katel 393-420]. Another special feature of Bush immigrant policy is that it offers opportunity to more than 200,000 foreign workers on temporary basis to work in the USA under guest-worker program. However, it is to be noted there is no cap on the visas to be issued to agriculture workers in USA. According to US Commerce department, the number of Americans at prime working age group between 25 and 54 is constantly growing at a phase of 0. 2% per year while at the same time, the job market in the US is growing at the phase of 1. 2% per annum. [Peter Katel 393-420]. Some are of the view that liberal immigration policy will result in unemployment problems and an escalation in crime rates. Further, illegal immigration from neighboring countries like Cuba, Mexico is on the rise and has created law and order problem in U. S like operation of street gangs, drug trafficking, armed robbery etc. According to United States Census Bureau [2005], there were nearly a third of the 35 million foreign born population of the United States is from Mexico. On realizing the severity of the illegal immigration, California State has enacted strict laws to crack down illegal immigrants. It has also initiated preventive measures like increasing the number of border guards, cautious to grant political asylum etc. One of the arguments against liberal immigration policy is that citizen workers who are hailing from racial and ethnic minorities are at greater disadvantage due to illegal immigrations. Further, the presence of illegal workers in large numbers makes it extremely difficult to unionize workers in secondary labor markets. Definitely illegal immigration will definitely have its impact on the poor citizens in the United States. [Merchant, David 287]. One of the recommended solutions to the immigration issue is that to have much stricter immigration laws and enforcement mingled with the economic aid to Mexico to develop its northern Border States and free trade in goods and services. According to Veblen, international borders, restrictions on migration and all types of nationalism act as a blockade to maintain industrial efficiency. Further, technology revolution is a global phenomenon and it is to be observed that no civilized country’s industrial structure will work in isolation. [Veblen, 1918]. According to Wendell Gordon, U. S should adopt a more open border policy and U. S today’s economic development may be attributed to its liberal immigration policy as liberal immigration policy has helped to achieve economic development process. Gordon was not agreeing to the idea of that Mexico tops the illegal immigration in U. S. A. According to the available data in 1973, there were about 3 million illegal immigrants who had entered into U. SA. Gordon doubted about the accuracy of this data as â€Å"Mexican population would have augmented by 8. 6% if Mexico had actually exported to U. S in a single year†. [Gordon, 1975]. Gordon was also against the view that illegal migrants were robbing the job from U. S workers. But according to Briggs, immigration policy should be evaluated mainly on labor market consideration. Briggs was of the view that colossal inflow of illegal immigrants is making serious interferences in the normal labor market adjustment processes. [Briggs, 1975]. Between January 2000 and March ,2005 , there was an increase in the estimated 7. 9 million new immigrants both legal and illegal which amounted the highest ever five year period in American history – almost surpassing the peak 10 year period between 1900-1909. How U. S has benefited from immigration can be illustrated by the following illustration. Adam and Balfour have won the coveted Louis Brown low Award of the National Academy of Public Administration (1998) and Best Book Award of the Academy of Management in the same year for their book â€Å"Unmasking Administrative Evil† and have cited how SS-supplied slaves were used for building V2 rockets by Germans. Thus, slaves with technical skills from the camp Mittelbau-Dora were supplied for Mittel work factory. It was said that though they built around 6000 rockets in a period of two years but more than 20,000 deaths were reported. Thus human deaths by accident while making the rocket surpassed the number of rockets actually produced! The project leader Von Braun and about 120 members were whisked off to US, though nearly 50% of them were Nazi party members while other Nazi members of rocket factory were tried after the war. This Nazi project team was given protection in US, their erstwhile records were destroyed and finally they were sanitized. Later, they were made in-charges of US missile program and equipped US in facing threats from the USSR in the cold war era. The two roles played by Von Braun was highlighted in the book . One as the project leader in Nazi’s camps and wielding his powers in the business of making missiles and the other being his role in US by equipping it with latest missiles to protect against it from USSR threats. Thus, the main purpose of the system rather than its administrative evil would have to be viewed. Due to alarming immigration to US from other countries, U. S government was forced to enact Immigration Act as early as 1907. It was again amended in 1917. In 1921 and 1924, amendments were introduced through immigration bills. The number of immigrants was only around three million in 1986 and liberal immigration policy allowed to swell to twelve million in 2006. The Immigration and Naturalization Service’s function and responsibilities changed under the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. This law, signed under President Regan, also allowed a certain number of aliens living in America legally, permitted to become legal resident of U. S. However, the immigrants in USA and their supporters vehemently oppose the Bush government’s following moves to streamline the illegal immigrations in the country. ? To remove the proposed legislation to impose a fine of $ 5000 on illegal immigrants who look for legal status in the US. ? To abolish the proposed legislative provision as regards to necessitate guest-workers to go back to their home country for a year for every two years employed in the US. ? To desist to offer more priority in according legal status to highly –qualified, skilled and well-educated immigrants in preference to those who have their family in the US. [Fidel V. Ramos NA]. However, both U. S and Mexican government has realized the significance of flow illegal immigrants from Mexico to U. S and have initiated â€Å"voluntary repatriation† program mainly to deport such illegal immigrants to Mexico from U. S. [Peter Katel 393-420]. Mexico’s new charisma leader Mr. Vincente Fox has sought amnesty for some undocumented Mexicans working in the US and it seems that Bush is enthusiastic to consider the same. It is being argued by immigrant right’s advocates and American labor unions are of the opinion that Mexican workers in U. S offer invaluable labor and their rights should be safeguarded by removing the fear of deportation. Thus, the two leaders are trying to resolve many burning issues between them which include an American appreciation of Mexican attempts to desist drugs from entering the US from Mexican soil and the effect of the NAFTA on Mexican developing economy. [Msaci 921-944]. NAFTA had eliminated trade barriers between the Mexico and the US and helped the Mexican economy to grow. This has paved the way for the Mexicans to stay in the home instead of illegally immigrating to the US in search of jobs. Supporters of the NAFTA have demonstrated by showing impressive development in Mexico’s gross domestic product [GDP] since its introduction. [Msaci 921-944]. However, NAFTA critics were of the opinion that tens of thousands of small and medium-sized business into bankruptcy, resulting mass unemployment among Mexicans and it was further argued that Purchasing power parity of the average Mexican has dwindled than before the implementation of NAFTA treatment. [Msaci 921-944]. Some critics argue that Mexico will never be decertified since minimizing U. S support would destroy one of USA’s most significant associates. In July 2007, Bush made a statement that he wishes to legalize almost 3 million Mexicans residing illegally in the USA. [Msaci 921-944]. CONCLUSION: It appears that current U. S immigration laws does not satisfy any one and there is lack of enforcement as it is evidenced from employer sanctions which was first enacted into law with the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act [ ICRA] of 1986. Congress debates on immigrant issues always centers around stricter enforcement, laying of fence along the border, ways and means to legalize various undocumented workers and to augment the free flow of workers. The Congress is more concerned with the illegal migration from Mexico and possible effect on the labor market. Further, the current proposals are emotionally attached to homeland security issues. Since U. S is actively engaged in globalization process, market-oriented mainstream economics can only substantiate open borders. Any impediments on capital, trade or labor mobility are inconsistent with the narrowly defined conventional conceptions of efficiency. Redefining the immigration debate in terms of dynamic economic process and economic development would be a significant milestone in developing a momentous approach to immigration issues. It is to be noted that both the Gordon and Galbraith argued that migration was a key component in the economic development process. Unless American leaders concur to scrutinize immigration in view of its historic record and present state of health, it will prolong the country’s most unsettled and misunderstood issue.

King Lear :: essays research papers

King Lear Essay Shakespeare has written dozens of plays and in each one he has included some of the most complex characters ever put on stage. Hamlet, Othello, and Macbeth are just a few examples of these great characters that will always remain in our memories. However, standing beside the complex main characters in plays such as King Lear and Hamlet, there are secondary characters of equal, if not greater complexity. In King Lear, secondary characters such as Edmund, Edgar, and Cordelia are directly responsible many of the extreme changes that occur during the play and it is their complexity as human characters that allows them to do this. The many antagonists that have appeared in Shakespeare’s plays have always been fairly rounded and complex. However, Edmund is one of the most complex villains in any of Shakespeare’s plays. For one thing, Edmund chose to become a villain because the world sees him as being worthless, not only because he is not in line for the title of Earl of Gloucester, but also because he is a bastard. Most villains in Shakespeare’s plays are villains from the beginning to the end. Edmund sees himself as an equal to his brother Edgar and wishes that his father also understand this. By plotting against the livelihood against his own father and brother, Edgar not only wishes to gain the wealth and title that come with the Earl of Gloucester, but he also seeks respect. Shakespeare has given Edmund a method behind his madness. As the play progresses, Edmund sees the kingdom collapsing and instead of helping to put in back together, as Cordelia, Edgar, and Kent are doing, he tries to consolidate power into his own hands. After Cornwall dies, he takes command of the armies and defeats the French invading army. He has illicit affairs with Regan and Goneril, who are married. The result of these affairs causes the two sisters to become overwhelming jealous, and in the end, we find out that Regan poisoned Goneril in order to have Edmund to herself. If Edmund had not been killed in the end, he would have taken power and ruled the kingdom. However, Edgar does kill him after realizing that it was he who caused the death of his father. We see the greatest complexity in Edgar before he dies before when he proclaims â€Å"The wheel comes full circle; L am here. King Lear :: essays research papers King Lear Essay Shakespeare has written dozens of plays and in each one he has included some of the most complex characters ever put on stage. Hamlet, Othello, and Macbeth are just a few examples of these great characters that will always remain in our memories. However, standing beside the complex main characters in plays such as King Lear and Hamlet, there are secondary characters of equal, if not greater complexity. In King Lear, secondary characters such as Edmund, Edgar, and Cordelia are directly responsible many of the extreme changes that occur during the play and it is their complexity as human characters that allows them to do this. The many antagonists that have appeared in Shakespeare’s plays have always been fairly rounded and complex. However, Edmund is one of the most complex villains in any of Shakespeare’s plays. For one thing, Edmund chose to become a villain because the world sees him as being worthless, not only because he is not in line for the title of Earl of Gloucester, but also because he is a bastard. Most villains in Shakespeare’s plays are villains from the beginning to the end. Edmund sees himself as an equal to his brother Edgar and wishes that his father also understand this. By plotting against the livelihood against his own father and brother, Edgar not only wishes to gain the wealth and title that come with the Earl of Gloucester, but he also seeks respect. Shakespeare has given Edmund a method behind his madness. As the play progresses, Edmund sees the kingdom collapsing and instead of helping to put in back together, as Cordelia, Edgar, and Kent are doing, he tries to consolidate power into his own hands. After Cornwall dies, he takes command of the armies and defeats the French invading army. He has illicit affairs with Regan and Goneril, who are married. The result of these affairs causes the two sisters to become overwhelming jealous, and in the end, we find out that Regan poisoned Goneril in order to have Edmund to herself. If Edmund had not been killed in the end, he would have taken power and ruled the kingdom. However, Edgar does kill him after realizing that it was he who caused the death of his father. We see the greatest complexity in Edgar before he dies before when he proclaims â€Å"The wheel comes full circle; L am here.

Picasso: Artist Extraordinaire

It was as array of Blue all over – some were cold, some skeptic, some with the desire to escape and mellow in the sky. Some were intense and challenging, while some other were diminutive and soothing. Together they reflected the state of their creator, who was then at the crossroad of his life – Mr. Pablo Ruiz Picasso! The genius of the geniuses, Pablo Picasso has left quite a few messages for the rest of the world – and very important one at that – because it is in the essence of those messages, lies the secret of his success.His Blue period happens to be a prominent slice of a painter who would rise to the zenith of name and fame later, much like a phoenix from the debris of despair, pathos and taunting ambience. Even a peep into his life would evoke anyone to identify the Blue period as his springboard – anyone would be excited to discover that how much power a parsimonious condition can generate for those who are willing. His life highlights the positive impact of poverty and drudgery in the making of a genius.The canvas of Picasso's life, in fact holds a picture that would always speak about the potential of human mind – that it is like a magic spring – the more you suppress it, the more it garners energy to outmaneuver its obstacles – or, from another perspective, it is from the chaos the universe of Picasso was born! The facts of Picasso's life shatters a good many myths about ‘chances rule human', and substantiates the fact that it is ‘humans who create chances' – a lesson as sparkling as a diamond to those who are deprived by the affluence of even basic amenities to bloom to their best.Thus this essay makes a humble survey on the life and works of this master of the masters, Pablo Picasso, with special emphasis on Blue Period, and how it impacted the proceedings of his life after, before reaching its own conclusion about the special messages that one can learn from his life besi des, indicating on the impact of â€Å"Blue Period† over the artists' movements.The protagonist, the central character of this magical example of human triumph, Pablo Ruiz Picasso was born on October 25th in Malaga, Spain, in the year 1881 and went to live on earth for 91 years, holding a unique collage of events, inventions, rendezvous and, most importantly, time-winning creations between the years of his charismatic existence. Thus it is impossible to discuss the Blue period without knowing about his background, which had a solid bearing on the rest of his life. A child Picasso would mingle with the gypsies, the outsiders of the society – their bohemian lifestyle had been a source of attraction to him (Picasso: Magic).It was his father Don Jose, who was an artist, a museum curator and a teacher all rolled into one, identified the latent talent in Picasso very early and engaged the boy into art. After having initial lessons from his father at home, Picasso joined Acad emy of Fine Arts at La Corupa, Spain, where his father was a teacher. He was then only a boy of 14 years, but that did not deter him to master the nuances of anatomy. That stint was short-lived as the family moved on to Barcelona, Spain in 1895, where both father and his son joined the Academy of Fine Arts, one as a teacher and the other as a student.Here the genius in Picasso first appeared before the world, when he startled everyone by qualifying for the advanced classes, after proving his astounding capabilities through completing the entrance test in a single day, which even the older boys would have taken whole month to complete! The jury board [†¦ ] of the entrance tests instantly declared him a prodigy. (Picasso: Artist Extraordinaire) During their stay in Barcelona, Picasso came across a new experience, and that was of [†¦ ] nude study and painting of the models. His uncle, Dr.Salvador Ruiz Blasco, who was very much impressed by the talent of the young boy, had arr anged everything for Picasso in his house at Malaga (Picasso). Next year he had his first painting making way to an exhibition. And no wonder, Picasso felt he has outgrown this academy very soon – as he left it to join at the Madrid Academy – which he would leave too in no time – before joining the band of young avant-garde artists, writers and poets, who would gather at a local tavern, Els Quatre Gats and were known as â€Å"modernistes† (Picasso: The Early Years)This group would discuss the revolutionary ideas under the then context – like symbolism, graphic arts etc. and accorded the French art nouveau, which used simplified versions of artistic nuances. Most of them were plagued by parsimony, and thus were on the same boat of poverty and uncertainty. Picasso visited Paris in October 1900, and from then on kept on shuttling between France and Spain. At this time Parisian nightlife caught his fancy and that resulted in some of his works that depi cted dark cafe or the destitute people, besides his usual works of landscapes, portraits.That was the foundation of this great man before he decided to meet the world with his treasure of art – with no footing whatsoever in the elite circle in the Paris, which was considered to be the stepping stone for an aspiring artist. And, he came, he worked, and worked, and worked – before leaving behind a legacy of a goliath. Blue Period In walked 1901 – by then his childhood favorites, the gypsies, perhaps vanished into blue, but the spirit of their bohemianism might have helped him to shrug off the shortcomings of not being a blue-eyed boy of any of the denizens of the art world of Paris.Yet, how would he know someday the world would earmark his formative years before becoming a true-blue artist, as ‘Blue Period'! In this period, especially between the period 1901-1903, Picasso had been able to gain direction in his painting, while his personal started evolving ou t of the situations, other painters' works and his deep understanding of the situations. This was the beginning of the â€Å"Blue Period†, where Picasso decided to confine within the color scheme of blue – which has already been considered as the color of pathos by many. That idea and the ongoing [†¦] parsimonious culture among the budding intellectuals around provided him the necessary momentum to stick to his decision (Blue, 2007). Thus this new line of painting by him started appearing in public – where he consciously highlighted the hapless state of humans with the mastery of forms of and usage of blue, which proved to be revelation for the contemporary art world (Picasso: The Early Years). The period 1901 – 1904 is roughly considered as the â€Å"Blue Period† of this great painter, when he would do his paintings and sketches mostly with various shades of blue.That coinage might outwardly justify itself with this strange practice of Picass o – but on the deeper level, the same coinage carries the connotation of a lone struggle of a painter that was further made difficult by emotional swings with the death of his dear friend Carlos Casagemas – who committed suicide after failing in love. Casagemas was the bosom pal of Picasso. Thus the shock of death and horror of suicide dominated in his painting, â€Å"The death of Casagemas†, which also bears the testimony of his learning process – as the painting has clear influence of Van Gogh's style.The same can be said [†¦ ] about his his work â€Å"Portrait of Jaime Sabartes (the beer glass)', which reminds about ‘Absinthe Drinker', a painting done by Gauguin (Blue, 2007). He created three portraits of Casagemas as a corpse, the last of his pictures showing colors for a prolonged period. The â€Å"Blue Period† also holds an account of Montmarte's nightlife, where Picasso and his friends would visit regularly. Those carefree moment s, however marked by limitation to enjoyment or engulfed by the cloud of uncertainty, sparked the imagination of this great painter.There were plethora of events, adventures and moments of solitude and despair – a constant swing between those two extreme poles perhaps made him more resilient inwards, otherwise how could he depict the sorrows of others so vividly? One such instance might add some color to this essay. Once Picasso went to visit a women's prison Called St. Lazare in Paris, and found nuns were serving as guards. That prompted him to paint â€Å"Two Sisters†, which evokes the image of Mary in mind, more because of the presence of blue rather than anything else (Picasso's).Then, there was this painter in his twenties, Picasso – cramped by extreme poverty and grief, was in all blue, before he became a star in the world of art. It was a period when he would find it difficult to arrange two square meals a day, save spending for oil paints and canvases or socializing with impresarios. Yet he worked on – that was the only thing he could do – he worked on with whatever he had with him – cheap blue color, a heart wailing for the lost friend, wondrous ideas in head, and, enormous zeal to communicate with his own visual language.And, it was that blue color, already recognized as the color of inner grief, had provided him the perfect medium for his message of the time. Thus it became blue all the way, deep, light, dark.. in every possible way it aided Picasso to express his sorrows in all possible dimensions – be it form, content or medium – all of them would echo the inner chaos of a twenty-year old who has just started the battle to gain his ground in one of most sacred colonies of art and culture, and right at the kick-off who received a jolt by losing his great friend and aide in Paris.It was that chaos which gave birth to the paintings like â€Å"Trait† (1901) or â€Å"The Tragedy† (19 03), which puts forth his desire and despair – while his self-portrait presents him as a happy-go-like romantic man with dreamy eyes, â€Å"The Tragedy† looked all gloomy, down in despair, where a family of three are looking downwards, visibly hopeless and as if nowhere to go, nothing to eat, and have nothing left to meet the basic needs of today, save the tomorrow! That was a beggar family whom Picasso covered by clothes, yet made naked with poverty, something he himself shared with them in this period.This speaks of the dichotomy that was prevalent in the time and also in the mind of Picasso, because, unless there was inspiration from both inside and outside by any means, Picasso wouldn't have been bent on to create such paintings of two extreme poles in close interval. Another interesting aspect of those paintings is their coming of age in a new avatar – that spoke of Picasso's own poor state, where he could not afford to buy canvases for new drawings and had to settle on the old ones. â€Å"What comes out in the end is the result of the discarded funds† (Picasso's Technique), he would say, perhaps to find a solace in his finesse in recycling!In fact, the researchers could find that the canvas used for â€Å"The Tragedy† contains sketches as old as 1899, while â€Å"The Tragedy† was finished in 1903. So much so, with the help of x-radiograph, they have been able to decipher that those sketches gave birth to one of his bullfight paintings. This clearly shows how misery had forced this great genius to abandon his work for the sake of new work. Perhaps all that boiled down to a sentiment, which saw a recurrence of the theme â€Å"like desolation of the outcasts† in his paintings of the â€Å"Blue Period†.Time and again researchers have identified Picasso's penchant for using excessive blue in this period as his conscious decision to use it as another medium of communication. And he did that with elan â₠¬â€œ the figures he depicted in this period was mostly of the lower rung of the society, ranging from beggars to prostitutes or the circus-people – even not to leave himself or his penniless friends – he dowsed all of them with blue to depict the world of despair that usually engulfs when people are caught with limitations and uncertainty.Obviously all his works are endowed with his mastery over form and content, yet it was blue that adds more dimensions to them, and at times, even issues more appeal than everything. He even would wear blue clothes in those days! Associating colors with sentiments was nothing new, yet the utilization of a color as the medium of the message was unique in his case. The use of blue color to depict sadness was prevalent even in the Anglo-Saxon culture (Pablo, 2007).However, Picasso's own statement, â€Å"It was thinking about Casagemus that got me started painting in blue† (Pablo Picasso blue period), helps all to associate his pers pective of blue as a language of inner grief or melancholy. This was supplemented by his own poor state where it became hard at times to arrange a good meal. â€Å"My dear Max, I think about the room on the boulevard Voltaire, about the omelets, the beans, the Brie and the fried potatoes. But I als think about the days of misery, and it's quite sad,† So he wrote afterwards to his friend, poet Max Jacob, the partner of his struggling days.Alongside, â€Å"Blue Period† was nonetheless a training session for Picasso, where he experimented with low light conditions, which perhaps gained momentum from the proverbial presence of pathos in blues or the prevalent culture of the then intellectuals who wanted to glorify by the poverty or take pride in the idea that an artist is generally considered as an outcast! There was definitely another reason, and that was his intense desire to be different from the crowd! The qualitative factors achieved by the use of blue also signify hi s tendency to experiment in those days.The paintings of a boy of twenty years as if serving as a passage to the dreamland with blue spectacles – that was something unthinkable before the traditional art. Some of his paintings would evoke a pall of gloom with the deeper shades of blue – yet the quality of luminance in them would make anyone stop and think about that gloom for a while. Thus, blue served for him as a strong language of visual communication. The presence of poverty and extreme difficulty has been reflected in most of his works in this period, either directly, or indirectly.For the first instance, the painting â€Å"Frugal Repast† depicts a destitute couple sharing a frugal supper of bread and wine; â€Å"Crouching Woman† depicts the hapless condition of a lonely, poor woman. He went back to Barcelona and started a painting with complex allegory called â€Å"La Vie†, a remake job over his earlier â€Å"Last Moments†, which took t urn from being a self-portrait to someone resembling Casagemus by its features, thereby making the journey of his â€Å"Blue Period† coming to a full circle with a tribute to the departed friend.Set in a studio, La Vie is considered as one of the most complex works done by him, and in the context of the period, contains the essence of his learning in the Blue Period, the lessons of which were mostly about the cruel side of the world, and were about how one could find the right path to move on. The scholars are still divided about the message hidden in this painting, where a nude woman clings to a male with only white loincloth on; who as if points towards another woman in heavy dress and holding a baby in her arms. These three figures stand behind a perspective that contains two canvases set on different layers, where[†¦] two clinging nude women adorn the upper canvas while another such figure is seen on her knees (â€Å"La Vie†, 2006). Perhaps this complexity, th is enigmatic, personal statement in â€Å"La Vie† speaks about the acorn that was now ready to bloom as a giant oak – this perhaps the most potent message conveyed by this painting of the master. Elements of Blue Period John Richardson, Picasso's biographer and his close friend, had almost devoted his life in deciphering the enigmas that are layered with Picasso's phases of evolution as a multi-dimensional creator.In that research, â€Å"Blue Period† holds a special place. Before anything, Richardson weighed certain elements that had influenced Picasso's mind right at his childhood. Richardson drew a parallel of Picasso's lifestyle with the philosophy of the gypsies and in the occult culture prevalent among the members of Andalusia, a region in southern Spain, which is the native place of Picasso. According to Richardson, the people of that region were found to be superstitious in nature, which would affect their actions too, and Picasso being one of them could not escape that influence.Because of being superstitious, once he found appreciation for using blue tone in that period and people accepted that, he had considered it as a good omen for his painting career and was stuck to it for quite sometime (Picasso: Magic). Even his days at La Coruna substantiates such claims of Richardson, where a young Picasso was deeply moved by tarot cards (Picasso: The Early Years). There can be another argument that points at a unique confluence of events that led to a series of ‘blue' creations by Picasso. This corroborates Richardson's assumptions too, by taking the superstition factor into account.This idea conjures up situations like Picasso's superstition about blue, his belief that blue is the messenger of inner grief, and his childhood and the then association with poverty or grief-stricken people. These situations might have been culminated into a series of paintings with blue tones – where Picasso wanted to give vent to his pent-up e motions, or he wanted to depict the haplessness of the poor or outcasts like gypsies or circus people, and he wanted to present them in a medium which he thought would convey the message best – blue.And he was conscious of his own poor state too – thus he didn't mind for once to operate from reality by including himself as one of the subjects of Blue Period. He did not ignore the pathos within him, and instead, accepted them as the way of life. This idea is corroborated by Jaime Sabartes, then his closest friend: â€Å"Picasso believed Art to the son of Sadness and Suffering†¦ that sadness lent itself to meditation and that suffering was fundamental to life†¦ If we demand sincerity of an artist, we must remember that sincerity is not to be found outside the realm of grief† (Picasso and the Mood).In all, this was the period where he was tested by all possible roadblocks, which had forced him to bring out his best to cope that challenge. This was the per iod when Picasso stepped into the mystic realm of spiritualism and ethereal ideas – all fueled by death, despair, poverty and uncertainty. Therefore, this period in his life had gifted him the prime elements of success, all in disguise – the required zeal, the expansion of mind and deep feeling for fellow humans. ConclusionThe Blue Period of Pablo Picasso is essentially a documentary of a collage of situations, which not only unfurls the stages of Picasso's blooming as an artist, but also refers to certain ideas about the then social condition, the locomotion of art and culture of Paris, etc. But the greatest messages lie in another direction – where this period talks about how one's childhood association creates impact on one's creative pursuits, or how a human being emerges as victorious in front of the challenges of extinction.This era also marks his coming of age with various types of practice, development of ideas and eventually the birth of a new style wit h seeds of his other periods like â€Å"Rose Period† or â€Å"Cubism†. The gathering of a bubbling gang of intellectuals at Montmartre or Picasso's association with them, all speaks about a wonderful movement of art and culture led by people who even took pride in considering themselves as outcasts for the sake of art.Together all these, â€Å"Blue Period† depicts a unique march of time, which not only benefited Picasso to rise his height in the future, but also it provided a solid documentation of time. Pablo Picasso's â€Å"Blue Period† is indeed a lesson to all who are interested to fight and win from the wretched state, besides the aspiring painters. It also highlights the effect of death and the power of humanity over the creative manifestation of perfection in an artist; rest lies with Picasso himself, who took away a lot of hint with him, leaving a big box of enigma for the posterity!Ends Works Cited â€Å"Picasso: Artist Extraordinaire. † . . 4 Dec. 2007 . Blue period. . 3 Dec. 2007 . La Vie. . Cleveland Museum of Art. 4 Dec. 2007 . Pablo Ruiz Picasso (Spain) 1881-1973. 4 Dec. 2007 . Picasso – Magic, Sex and Death. Ed. W Januszczak. 4 Dec. 2007 .Picasso and the Mood of a Painting. Color Vision and Art. 4 Dec. 2007 . Picasso. Ed. H. L. C. Jaffe. 4 Dec. 2007 . Picasso: The Artist's Studio. 3 Dec. 2007 . Picasso's Blue Period 1901-1904. . 4 Dec. 2007 .Picasso's Technique. 4 Dec. 2007 . Rubin, W. Picasso in the Collection of the Museum of Modern ArtRev. 5 Dec. 2007 . Warncke, C. P. Pablo Picasso 1881-1973. 5 Dec. 2007 Picasso: The Early Years, 1892-1906. 5 Dec. 2007. . Pablo Picasso blue period. 4 Dec. 2007. .